( a benign disease)
transthoracic or extrathoracic bypass
Horner's s
phrenic palsy
pleural effusion
chylothorax
cervical lymph fistula
infection
hemorrhage
In a revie of 2496 patients, the surgical complication rate was 16 %, stroke rate 3 %, mortality rate of 2 %.
Angioplasty is better in this disease with major technical success and low rate of complications.
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